Variant Calling Workflow
Last updated on 2023-05-04 | Edit this page
Overview
Questions
- How do I find sequence variants between my sample and a reference genome?
Objectives
- Understand the steps involved in variant calling.
- Describe the types of data formats encountered during variant calling.
- Use command line tools to perform variant calling.
We mentioned before that we are working with files from a long-term evolution study of an E. coli population (designated Ara-3). Now that we have looked at our data to make sure that it is high quality, and removed low-quality base calls, we can perform variant calling to see how the population changed over time. We care how this population changed relative to the original population, E. coli strain REL606. Therefore, we will align each of our samples to the E. coli REL606 reference genome, and see what differences exist in our reads versus the genome.
Alignment to a reference genome
We perform read alignment or mapping to determine where in the genome our reads originated from. There are a number of tools to choose from and, while there is no gold standard, there are some tools that are better suited for particular NGS analyses. We will be using the Burrows Wheeler Aligner (BWA), which is a software package for mapping low-divergent sequences against a large reference genome.
The alignment process consists of two steps:
- Indexing the reference genome
- Aligning the reads to the reference genome
Setting up
First we download the reference genome for E. coli REL606.
Although we could copy or move the file with cp or
mv, most genomics workflows begin with a download step, so
we will practice that here.
BASH
$ cd ~/dc_workshop
$ mkdir -p data/ref_genome
$ curl -L -o data/ref_genome/ecoli_rel606.fasta.gz ftp://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genomes/all/GCA/000/017/985/GCA_000017985.1_ASM1798v1/GCA_000017985.1_ASM1798v1_genomic.fna.gz
$ gunzip data/ref_genome/ecoli_rel606.fasta.gzExercise
We saved this file as
data/ref_genome/ecoli_rel606.fasta.gz and then decompressed
it. What is the real name of the genome?
We will also download a set of trimmed FASTQ files to work with. These are small subsets of our real trimmed data, and will enable us to run our variant calling workflow quite quickly.
BASH
$ curl -L -o sub.tar.gz https://ndownloader.figshare.com/files/14418248
$ tar xvf sub.tar.gz
$ mv sub/ ~/dc_workshop/data/trimmed_fastq_smallYou will also need to create directories for the results that will be
generated as part of this workflow. We can do this in a single line of
code, because mkdir can accept multiple new directory names
as input.
Index the reference genome
Our first step is to index the reference genome for use by BWA. Indexing allows the aligner to quickly find potential alignment sites for query sequences in a genome, which saves time during alignment. Indexing the reference only has to be run once. The only reason you would want to create a new index is if you are working with a different reference genome or you are using a different tool for alignment.
While the index is created, you will see output that looks something like this:
OUTPUT
[bwa_index] Pack FASTA... 0.04 sec
[bwa_index] Construct BWT for the packed sequence...
[bwa_index] 1.05 seconds elapse.
[bwa_index] Update BWT... 0.03 sec
[bwa_index] Pack forward-only FASTA... 0.02 sec
[bwa_index] Construct SA from BWT and Occ... 0.57 sec
[main] Version: 0.7.17-r1188
[main] CMD: bwa index data/ref_genome/ecoli_rel606.fasta
[main] Real time: 1.765 sec; CPU: 1.715 secAlign reads to reference genome
The alignment process consists of choosing an appropriate reference genome to map our reads against and then deciding on an aligner. We will use the BWA-MEM algorithm, which is the latest and is generally recommended for high-quality queries as it is faster and more accurate.
An example of what a bwa command looks like is below.
This command will not run, as we do not have the files
ref_genome.fa, input_file_R1.fastq, or
input_file_R2.fastq.
Have a look at the bwa options page. While we are running bwa with the default parameters here, your use case might require a change of parameters. NOTE: Always read the manual page for any tool before using and make sure the options you use are appropriate for your data.
We are going to start by aligning the reads from just one of the
samples in our dataset (SRR2584866). Later, we will be
iterating this whole process on all of our sample files.
BASH
$ bwa mem data/ref_genome/ecoli_rel606.fasta data/trimmed_fastq_small/SRR2584866_1.trim.sub.fastq data/trimmed_fastq_small/SRR2584866_2.trim.sub.fastq > results/sam/SRR2584866.aligned.samYou will see output that starts like this:
OUTPUT
[M::bwa_idx_load_from_disk] read 0 ALT contigs
[M::process] read 77446 sequences (10000033 bp)...
[M::process] read 77296 sequences (10000182 bp)...
[M::mem_pestat] # candidate unique pairs for (FF, FR, RF, RR): (48, 36728, 21, 61)
[M::mem_pestat] analyzing insert size distribution for orientation FF...
[M::mem_pestat] (25, 50, 75) percentile: (420, 660, 1774)
[M::mem_pestat] low and high boundaries for computing mean and std.dev: (1, 4482)
[M::mem_pestat] mean and std.dev: (784.68, 700.87)
[M::mem_pestat] low and high boundaries for proper pairs: (1, 5836)
[M::mem_pestat] analyzing insert size distribution for orientation FR...SAM/BAM format
The SAM file, is a tab-delimited text file that contains information for each individual read and its alignment to the genome. While we do not have time to go into detail about the features of the SAM format, the paper by Heng Li et al. provides a lot more detail on the specification.
The compressed binary version of SAM is called a BAM file. We use this version to reduce size and to allow for indexing, which enables efficient random access of the data contained within the file.
The file begins with a header, which is optional. The header is used to describe the source of data, reference sequence, method of alignment, etc., this will change depending on the aligner being used. Following the header is the alignment section. Each line that follows corresponds to alignment information for a single read. Each alignment line has 11 mandatory fields for essential mapping information and a variable number of other fields for aligner specific information. An example entry from a SAM file is displayed below with the different fields highlighted.
We will convert the SAM file to BAM format using the
samtools program with the view command and
tell this command that the input is in SAM format (-S) and
to output BAM format (-b):
OUTPUT
[samopen] SAM header is present: 1 sequences.Sort BAM file by coordinates
Next we sort the BAM file using the sort command from
samtools. -o tells the command where to write
the output.
BASH
$ samtools sort -o results/bam/SRR2584866.aligned.sorted.bam results/bam/SRR2584866.aligned.bam Our files are pretty small, so we will not see this output. If you run the workflow with larger files, you will see something like this:
OUTPUT
[bam_sort_core] merging from 2 files...SAM/BAM files can be sorted in multiple ways, e.g. by location of alignment on the chromosome, by read name, etc. It is important to be aware that different alignment tools will output differently sorted SAM/BAM, and different downstream tools require differently sorted alignment files as input.
You can use samtools to learn more about this bam file as well.
This will give you the following statistics about your sorted bam file:
OUTPUT
351169 + 0 in total (QC-passed reads + QC-failed reads)
0 + 0 secondary
1169 + 0 supplementary
0 + 0 duplicates
351103 + 0 mapped (99.98% : N/A)
350000 + 0 paired in sequencing
175000 + 0 read1
175000 + 0 read2
346688 + 0 properly paired (99.05% : N/A)
349876 + 0 with itself and mate mapped
58 + 0 singletons (0.02% : N/A)
0 + 0 with mate mapped to a different chr
0 + 0 with mate mapped to a different chr (mapQ>=5)Variant calling
A variant call is a conclusion that there is a nucleotide difference
vs. some reference at a given position in an individual genome or
transcriptome, often referred to as a Single Nucleotide Variant (SNV).
The call is usually accompanied by an estimate of variant frequency and
some measure of confidence. Similar to other steps in this workflow,
there are a number of tools available for variant calling. In this
workshop we will be using bcftools, but there are a few
things we need to do before actually calling the variants.
Step 1: Calculate the read coverage of positions in the genome
Do the first pass on variant calling by counting read coverage with
bcftools.
We will use the command mpileup. The flag -O b
tells bcftools to generate a bcf format output file, -o
specifies where to write the output file, and -f flags the
path to the reference genome:
BASH
$ bcftools mpileup -O b -o results/bcf/SRR2584866_raw.bcf \
-f data/ref_genome/ecoli_rel606.fasta results/bam/SRR2584866.aligned.sorted.bam OUTPUT
[mpileup] 1 samples in 1 input filesWe have now generated a file with coverage information for every base.
Step 2: Detect the single nucleotide variants (SNVs)
Identify SNVs using bcftools call. We have to specify
ploidy with the flag --ploidy, which is one for the haploid
E. coli. -m allows for multiallelic and
rare-variant calling, -v tells the program to output
variant sites only (not every site in the genome), and -o
specifies where to write the output file:
Step 3: Filter and report the SNV variants in variant calling format (VCF)
Filter the SNVs for the final output in VCF format, using
vcfutils.pl:
BASH
$ vcfutils.pl varFilter results/vcf/SRR2584866_variants.vcf > results/vcf/SRR2584866_final_variants.vcfFiltering
The vcfutils.pl varFilter call filters out variants that
do not meet minimum quality default criteria, which can be changed
through its options. Using bcftools we can verify that the
quality of the variant call set has improved after this filtering step
by calculating the ratio of transitions(TS)
to transversions
(TV) ratio (TS/TV), where transitions should be more likely to occur
than transversions:
BASH
$ bcftools stats results/bcf/SRR2584866_variants.vcf | grep TSTV
# TSTV, transitions/transversions:
# TSTV [2]id [3]ts [4]tv [5]ts/tv [6]ts (1st ALT) [7]tv (1st ALT) [8]ts/tv (1st ALT)
TSTV 0 628 58 10.83 628 58 10.83
$ bcftools stats results/vcf/SRR2584866_final_variants.vcf | grep TSTV
# TSTV, transitions/transversions:
# TSTV [2]id [3]ts [4]tv [5]ts/tv [6]ts (1st ALT) [7]tv (1st ALT) [8]ts/tv (1st ALT)
TSTV 0 621 54 11.50 621 54 11.50Explore the VCF format:
You will see the header (which describes the format), the time and date the file was created, the version of bcftools that was used, the command line parameters used, and some additional information:
OUTPUT
##fileformat=VCFv4.2
##FILTER=<ID=PASS,Description="All filters passed">
##bcftoolsVersion=1.8+htslib-1.8
##bcftoolsCommand=mpileup -O b -o results/bcf/SRR2584866_raw.bcf -f data/ref_genome/ecoli_rel606.fasta results/bam/SRR2584866.aligned.sorted.bam
##reference=file://data/ref_genome/ecoli_rel606.fasta
##contig=<ID=CP000819.1,length=4629812>
##ALT=<ID=*,Description="Represents allele(s) other than observed.">
##INFO=<ID=INDEL,Number=0,Type=Flag,Description="Indicates that the variant is an INDEL.">
##INFO=<ID=IDV,Number=1,Type=Integer,Description="Maximum number of reads supporting an indel">
##INFO=<ID=IMF,Number=1,Type=Float,Description="Maximum fraction of reads supporting an indel">
##INFO=<ID=DP,Number=1,Type=Integer,Description="Raw read depth">
##INFO=<ID=VDB,Number=1,Type=Float,Description="Variant Distance Bias for filtering splice-site artefacts in RNA-seq data (bigger is better)",Version=
##INFO=<ID=RPB,Number=1,Type=Float,Description="Mann-Whitney U test of Read Position Bias (bigger is better)">
##INFO=<ID=MQB,Number=1,Type=Float,Description="Mann-Whitney U test of Mapping Quality Bias (bigger is better)">
##INFO=<ID=BQB,Number=1,Type=Float,Description="Mann-Whitney U test of Base Quality Bias (bigger is better)">
##INFO=<ID=MQSB,Number=1,Type=Float,Description="Mann-Whitney U test of Mapping Quality vs Strand Bias (bigger is better)">
##INFO=<ID=SGB,Number=1,Type=Float,Description="Segregation based metric.">
##INFO=<ID=MQ0F,Number=1,Type=Float,Description="Fraction of MQ0 reads (smaller is better)">
##FORMAT=<ID=PL,Number=G,Type=Integer,Description="List of Phred-scaled genotype likelihoods">
##FORMAT=<ID=GT,Number=1,Type=String,Description="Genotype">
##INFO=<ID=ICB,Number=1,Type=Float,Description="Inbreeding Coefficient Binomial test (bigger is better)">
##INFO=<ID=HOB,Number=1,Type=Float,Description="Bias in the number of HOMs number (smaller is better)">
##INFO=<ID=AC,Number=A,Type=Integer,Description="Allele count in genotypes for each ALT allele, in the same order as listed">
##INFO=<ID=AN,Number=1,Type=Integer,Description="Total number of alleles in called genotypes">
##INFO=<ID=DP4,Number=4,Type=Integer,Description="Number of high-quality ref-forward , ref-reverse, alt-forward and alt-reverse bases">
##INFO=<ID=MQ,Number=1,Type=Integer,Description="Average mapping quality">
##bcftools_callVersion=1.8+htslib-1.8
##bcftools_callCommand=call --ploidy 1 -m -v -o results/bcf/SRR2584866_variants.vcf results/bcf/SRR2584866_raw.bcf; Date=Tue Oct 9 18:48:10 2018Followed by information on each of the variations observed:
OUTPUT
#CHROM POS ID REF ALT QUAL FILTER INFO FORMAT results/bam/SRR2584866.aligned.sorted.bam
CP000819.1 1521 . C T 207 . DP=9;VDB=0.993024;SGB=-0.662043;MQSB=0.974597;MQ0F=0;AC=1;AN=1;DP4=0,0,4,5;MQ=60
CP000819.1 1612 . A G 225 . DP=13;VDB=0.52194;SGB=-0.676189;MQSB=0.950952;MQ0F=0;AC=1;AN=1;DP4=0,0,6,5;MQ=60
CP000819.1 9092 . A G 225 . DP=14;VDB=0.717543;SGB=-0.670168;MQSB=0.916482;MQ0F=0;AC=1;AN=1;DP4=0,0,7,3;MQ=60
CP000819.1 9972 . T G 214 . DP=10;VDB=0.022095;SGB=-0.670168;MQSB=1;MQ0F=0;AC=1;AN=1;DP4=0,0,2,8;MQ=60 GT:PL
CP000819.1 10563 . G A 225 . DP=11;VDB=0.958658;SGB=-0.670168;MQSB=0.952347;MQ0F=0;AC=1;AN=1;DP4=0,0,5,5;MQ=60
CP000819.1 22257 . C T 127 . DP=5;VDB=0.0765947;SGB=-0.590765;MQSB=1;MQ0F=0;AC=1;AN=1;DP4=0,0,2,3;MQ=60 GT:PL
CP000819.1 38971 . A G 225 . DP=14;VDB=0.872139;SGB=-0.680642;MQSB=1;MQ0F=0;AC=1;AN=1;DP4=0,0,4,8;MQ=60 GT:PL
CP000819.1 42306 . A G 225 . DP=15;VDB=0.969686;SGB=-0.686358;MQSB=1;MQ0F=0;AC=1;AN=1;DP4=0,0,5,9;MQ=60 GT:PL
CP000819.1 45277 . A G 225 . DP=15;VDB=0.470998;SGB=-0.680642;MQSB=0.95494;MQ0F=0;AC=1;AN=1;DP4=0,0,7,5;MQ=60
CP000819.1 56613 . C G 183 . DP=12;VDB=0.879703;SGB=-0.676189;MQSB=1;MQ0F=0;AC=1;AN=1;DP4=0,0,8,3;MQ=60 GT:PL
CP000819.1 62118 . A G 225 . DP=19;VDB=0.414981;SGB=-0.691153;MQSB=0.906029;MQ0F=0;AC=1;AN=1;DP4=0,0,8,10;MQ=59
CP000819.1 64042 . G A 225 . DP=18;VDB=0.451328;SGB=-0.689466;MQSB=1;MQ0F=0;AC=1;AN=1;DP4=0,0,7,9;MQ=60 GT:PLThis is a lot of information, so let’s take some time to make sure we understand our output.
The first few columns represent the information we have about a predicted variation.
| column | info |
|---|---|
| CHROM | contig location where the variation occurs |
| POS | position within the contig where the variation occurs |
| ID | a . until we add annotation information |
| REF | reference genotype (forward strand) |
| ALT | sample genotype (forward strand) |
| QUAL | Phred-scaled probability that the observed variant exists at this site (higher is better) |
| FILTER | a . if no quality filters have been applied, PASS if a
filter is passed, or the name of the filters this variant failed |
In an ideal world, the information in the QUAL column
would be all we needed to filter out bad variant calls. However, in
reality we need to filter on multiple other metrics.
The last two columns contain the genotypes and can be tricky to decode.
| column | info |
|---|---|
| FORMAT | lists in order the metrics presented in the final column |
| results | lists the values associated with those metrics in order |
For our file, the metrics presented are GT:PL:GQ.
| metric | definition |
|---|---|
| AD, DP | the depth per allele by sample and coverage |
| GT | the genotype for the sample at this loci. For a diploid organism, the GT field indicates the two alleles carried by the sample, encoded by a 0 for the REF allele, 1 for the first ALT allele, 2 for the second ALT allele, etc. A 0/0 means homozygous reference, 0/1 is heterozygous, and 1/1 is homozygous for the alternate allele. |
| PL | the likelihoods of the given genotypes |
| GQ | the Phred-scaled confidence for the genotype |
The Broad Institute’s VCF guide is an excellent place to learn more about the VCF file format.
Exercise
Use the grep and wc commands you have
learned to assess how many variants are in the vcf file.
Assess the alignment (visualization) - optional step
It is often instructive to look at your data in a genome browser. Visualization will allow you to get a “feel” for the data, as well as detecting abnormalities and problems. Also, exploring the data in such a way may give you ideas for further analyses. As such, visualization tools are useful for exploratory analysis. In this lesson we will describe two different tools for visualization: a light-weight command-line based one and the Broad Institute’s Integrative Genomics Viewer (IGV) which requires software installation and transfer of files.
In order for us to visualize the alignment files, we will need to
index the BAM file using samtools:
Viewing with tview
Samtools implements a very
simple text alignment viewer based on the GNU ncurses
library, called tview. This alignment viewer works with
short indels and shows MAQ
consensus. It uses different colors to display mapping quality or base
quality, subjected to users’ choice. Samtools viewer is known to work
with a 130 GB alignment swiftly. Due to its text interface, displaying
alignments over network is also very fast.
In order to visualize our mapped reads, we use tview,
giving it the sorted bam file and the reference file:
OUTPUT
1 11 21 31 41 51 61 71 81 91 101 111 121
AGCTTTTCATTCTGACTGCAACGGGCAATATGTCTCTGTGTGGATTAAAAAAAGAGTGTCTGATAGCAGCTTCTGAACTGGTTACCTGCCGTGAGTAAATTAAAATTTTATTGACTTAGGTCACTAAATAC
..................................................................................................................................
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ..................N................. ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,........................
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ..................N................. ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,.............................
...................................,g,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, .................................... ................
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,.................................... .................................... ,,,,,,,,,,
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, .................................... ,,a,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, .......
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ............................. ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,g,,,,, ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ...........................T....... ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,c, ......
......................... ................................ ,g,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ...........................
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ..........................
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ................................T.. .............................. ,,,,,,
........................... ,,,,,,g,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, .................................... ,,,,,,
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, .................................... ................................... ....
.................................... ........................ ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ....
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
........................ .................................. ............................. ....
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, .................................... ..........................
............................... ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ....................................
................................... ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ..................................
.................................... ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,a,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ............................ ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,The first line of output shows the genome coordinates in our
reference genome. The second line shows the reference genome sequence.
The third line shows the consensus sequence determined from the sequence
reads. A . indicates a match to the reference sequence, so
we can see that the consensus from our sample matches the reference in
most locations. That is good! If that was not the case, we should
probably reconsider our choice of reference.
Below the horizontal line, we can see all of the reads in our sample
aligned with the reference genome. Only positions where the called base
differs from the reference are shown. You can use the arrow keys on your
keyboard to scroll or type ? for a help menu. To navigate
to a specific position, type g. A dialogue box will appear.
In this box, type the name of the “chromosome” followed by a colon and
the position of the variant you would like to view (e.g. for this
sample, type CP000819.1:50 to view the 50th base. Type
Ctrl^C or q to exit tview.
Exercise
Visualize the alignment of the reads for our SRR2584866
sample. What variant is present at position 4377265? What is the
canonical nucleotide in that position?
BASH
$ samtools tview ~/dc_workshop/results/bam/SRR2584866.aligned.sorted.bam ~/dc_workshop/data/ref_genome/ecoli_rel606.fastaThen type g. In the dialogue box, type
CP000819.1:4377265. G is the variant.
A is canonical. This variant possibly changes the phenotype
of this sample to hypermutable. It occurs in the gene mutL,
which controls DNA mismatch repair.
Viewing with IGV
IGV is a stand-alone browser, which has the advantage of being installed locally and providing fast access. Web-based genome browsers, like Ensembl or the UCSC browser, are slower, but provide more functionality. They not only allow for more polished and flexible visualization, but also provide easy access to a wealth of annotations and external data sources. This makes it straightforward to relate your data with information about repeat regions, known genes, epigenetic features or areas of cross-species conservation, to name just a few.
In order to use IGV, we will need to transfer some files to our local
machine. We know how to do this with scp. Open a new tab in
your terminal window and create a new folder. We will put this folder on
our Desktop for demonstration purposes, but in general you should avoide
proliferating folders and files on your Desktop and instead organize
files within a directory structure like we have been using in our
dc_workshop directory.
Now we will transfer our files to that new directory. Remember to
replace the text between the @ and the : with
your AWS instance number. The commands to scp always go in
the terminal window that is connected to your local computer (not your
AWS instance).
BASH
$ scp dcuser@ec2-34-203-203-131.compute-1.amazonaws.com:~/dc_workshop/results/bam/SRR2584866.aligned.sorted.bam ~/Desktop/files_for_igv
$ scp dcuser@ec2-34-203-203-131.compute-1.amazonaws.com:~/dc_workshop/results/bam/SRR2584866.aligned.sorted.bam.bai ~/Desktop/files_for_igv
$ scp dcuser@ec2-34-203-203-131.compute-1.amazonaws.com:~/dc_workshop/data/ref_genome/ecoli_rel606.fasta ~/Desktop/files_for_igv
$ scp dcuser@ec2-34-203-203-131.compute-1.amazonaws.com:~/dc_workshop/results/vcf/SRR2584866_final_variants.vcf ~/Desktop/files_for_igvYou will need to type the password for your AWS instance each time
you call scp.
Next, we need to open the IGV software. If you have not done so
already, you can download IGV from the Broad
Institute’s software page, double-click the .zip file
to unzip it, and then drag the program into your Applications
folder.
- Open IGV.
- Load our reference genome file (
ecoli_rel606.fasta) into IGV using the “Load Genomes from File…” option under the “Genomes” pull-down menu. - Load our BAM file (
SRR2584866.aligned.sorted.bam) using the “Load from File…” option under the “File” pull-down menu. - Do the same with our VCF file
(
SRR2584866_final_variants.vcf).
Your IGV browser should look like the screenshot below:
There should be two tracks: one coresponding to our BAM file and the other for our VCF file.
In the VCF track, each bar across the top of the plot shows the allele fraction for a single locus. The second bar shows the genotypes for each locus in each sample. We only have one sample called here, so we only see a single line. Dark blue = heterozygous, Cyan = homozygous variant, Grey = reference. Filtered entries are transparent.
Zoom in to inspect variants you see in your filtered VCF file to become more familiar with IGV. See how quality information corresponds to alignment information at those loci. Use this website and the links therein to understand how IGV colors the alignments.
Now that we have run through our workflow for a single sample, we want to repeat this workflow for our other five samples. However, we do not want to type each of these individual steps again five more times. That would be very time consuming and error-prone, and would become impossible as we gathered more and more samples. Luckily, we already know the tools we need to use to automate this workflow and run it on as many files as we want using a single line of code. Those tools are: wildcards, for loops, and bash scripts. We will use all three in the next lesson.
Installing software
It is worth noting that all of the software we are using for this workshop has been pre-installed on our remote computer. This saves us a lot of time - installing software can be a time-consuming and frustrating task - however, this does mean that you will not be able to walk out the door and start doing these analyses on your own computer. You will need to install the software first. Look at the setup instructions for more information on installing these software packages.
BWA alignment options
BWA consists of three algorithms: BWA-backtrack, BWA-SW and BWA-MEM. The first algorithm is designed for Illumina sequence reads up to 100bp, while the other two are for sequences ranging from 70bp to 1Mbp. BWA-MEM and BWA-SW share similar features such as long-read support and split alignment, but BWA-MEM, which is the latest, is generally recommended for high-quality queries as it is faster and more accurate.
Key Points
- Bioinformatic command line tools are collections of commands that can be used to carry out bioinformatic analyses.
- To use most powerful bioinformatic tools, you will need to use the command line.
- There are many different file formats for storing genomics data. It is important to understand what type of information is contained in each file, and how it was derived.