Variable Scope

Estimated time: 20 minutes

Overview

Questions

• How do function calls actually work?
• How can I determine where errors occurred?

Objectives

• Identify local and global variables.
• Identify parameters as local variables.
• Read a traceback and determine the file, function, and line number on which the error occurred, the type of error, and the error message.

The scope of a variable is the part of a program that can ‘see’ that variable.

---

• There are only so many sensible names for variables.
• People using functions shouldn’t have to worry about what variable names the author of the function used.
• People writing functions shouldn’t have to worry about what variable names the function’s caller uses.
• The part of a program in which a variable is visible is called its scope.

PYTHON

pressure = 103.9

def adjust(t):
    temperature = t * 1.43 / pressure
    return temperature

• pressure is a global variable.
  • Defined outside any particular function.
  • Visible everywhere.
• t and temperature are local variables in adjust.
  • Defined in the function.
  • Not visible in the main program.
  • Remember: a function parameter is a variable that is automatically assigned a value when the function is called.

PYTHON

print('adjusted:', adjust(0.9))
print('temperature after call:', temperature)

OUTPUT

adjusted: 0.01238691049085659

ERROR

Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "/Users/swcarpentry/foo.py", line 8, in <module>
    print('temperature after call:', temperature)
NameError: name 'temperature' is not defined

Local and Global Variable Use

Trace the values of all variables in this program as it is executed. (Use ‘—’ as the value of variables before and after they exist.)

PYTHON

limit = 100

def clip(value):
    return min(max(0.0, value), limit)

value = -22.5
print(clip(value))

Reading Error Messages

Read the traceback below, and identify the following:

1. How many levels does the traceback have?
2. What is the file name where the error occurred?
3. What is the function name where the error occurred?
4. On which line number in this function did the error occur?
5. What is the type of error?
6. What is the error message?

ERROR

---------------------------------------------------------------------------
KeyError                                  Traceback (most recent call last)
<ipython-input-2-e4c4cbafeeb5> in <module>()
      1 import errors_02
----> 2 errors_02.print_friday_message()

/Users/ghopper/thesis/code/errors_02.py in print_friday_message()
     13
     14 def print_friday_message():
---> 15     print_message("Friday")

/Users/ghopper/thesis/code/errors_02.py in print_message(day)
      9         "sunday": "Aw, the weekend is almost over."
     10     }
---> 11     print(messages[day])
     12
     13

KeyError: 'Friday'

Show me the solution

1. Three levels.
2. errors_02.py
3. print_message
4. Line 11
5. KeyError. These errors occur when we are trying to look up a key that does not exist (usually in a data structure such as a dictionary). We can find more information about the KeyError and other built-in exceptions in the Python docs.
6. KeyError: 'Friday'

Key Points

• The scope of a variable is the part of a program that can ‘see’ that variable.